3/20/2023 0 Comments Residual urine![]() The intra-observer reliability was 0.90 (unpublished data). Immediately after catheterization, residual urine was determined by the same investigator (JP) using ultrasonography (General Electrics, Glattbrugg, Switzerland) with the participants in the supine position. The participating men emptied their bladder twice (before and after urodynamic examination with maximum bladder filling) by IC according to their standard procedure. Individuals younger than 18 years, inexperienced in IC (IC for 65 years, antibiotic treatment >28 days within the previous 12 months and medical conditions detrimental to the immune response. Men with NLUTD resulting from SCI using IC for bladder evacuation and presenting for a urodynamic examination at the outpatient clinic of a single SCI rehabilitation center between December 2011 and January 2013 were recruited for the study. The study protocol had been registered with (NCT01601041). ![]() All applicable institutional and governmental regulations concerning the ethical use of human volunteers were followed during the course of this research. The present prospective study had been approved by the local ethics committee, and all study participants had provided written informed consent with guarantees of confidentiality. In addition, the hypothesis that individuals with recurrent (>2 UTIs per year) symptomatic UTIs show greater residual urine volumes after IC compared with those with sporadic ( ⩽2 UTIs per year) symptomatic UTIs was tested. We have therefore prospectively investigated the residual urine volumes after IC in men with NLUTD resulting from SCI. However, there are no current data on residual urine volumes after IC in SCI patients and their effect on the occurrence of symptomatic UTIs. 8 have reported greater residual urine volumes after IC in SCI patients with bacteriuria compared with those with negative urine cultures. 4 Although less frequent than with indwelling catheterization, 9, 10 recurrent UTIs are a major problem affecting SCI patients with NLUTD using IC, even when applying adequate catheterization techniques. Residual urine is considered to be an important risk factor for urinary tract infections (UTIs), 7, 8 and even small volumes may predispose for infections. 3 However, there are only sparse data on the efficiency of IC in evacuating urine from the bladder, indicating that there is some residual urine after IC in certain patients. Pioneered by Guttmann and Frankel 1 and Lapides et al., 2 intermittent catheterization (IC) is now the standard method for bladder evacuation in spinal cord injury (SCI) patients suffering from urinary retention as a result of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD). The small residual urine volumes generally observed after IC do not predispose for UTIs. Conclusions:īladder evacuation by IC is an efficient method, resulting in zero or small residual urine volumes. There was no significant ( P=0.95) difference between the median residual urine volume of men with recurrent (>2 UTIs per year) UTIs (2.5 ml, LQ: 0.0, UQ: 29.3 ml) and the volume of those with sporadic ( ⩽2 UTIs per year) UTIs (6.0 ml, LQ: 0.0, UQ: 20.0 ml). Unsatisfactory residual volumes (that is, >50 ml) were observed after 9% ( n=11) of all catheterizations. No residual urine was observed after 42% ( n=50) of all catheterizations ( n=120). The median residual urine volume was 7.0 ml (lower quartile (LQ): 0.0, upper quartile (UQ): 20.3 ml). ![]() Personal characteristics and bladder diary details (annual UTI rate, catheter type) were also collected. Immediately after catheterization, residual urine was determined by ultrasonography. Sixty men experienced in IC ( ⩾6 months) emptied their bladder twice by IC. Single SCI rehabilitation center in Switzerland. To investigate residual urine volumes after intermittent catheterization (IC) in men with spinal cord injury (SCI) and the effect of residual urine on the rate of symptomatic urinary tract infections (UTIs).
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